the theme of madness in mrs dalloway - 1443 Words

Madness in Mrs Dalloway Madness is a prevalent theme in ‘Mrs Dallway’ and is expressed primarily, and perhaps most obviously through the characters Septimus Warren Smith and Clarissa Dalloway – however the theme is also explored more subtly in more minor characters such as Lucrezia and Mrs Kilman. Virgina Woolf’s own issues inspired her greatly, as she herself suffered her first mental breakdown at the tender age of thirteen and was prescribed ‘rest cure’ – just as Septimus is; Woolf is often described as a ‘mad genius’ as she was declared mentally ill at an early stage in her life -- this intense and troubling lifestyle of erratic nervous breakdowns coupled with her substantial involvement in the Bloomsbury group in ‘the early†¦show more content†¦The word ‘sin’ is also symbolic because throughout the novel, there are religious connotations surrounding Septimus, culminating in his suicide where he dies like Jesus â₠¬â€œ and this could be one of Woolf’s ways of foreshadowing his death. Septimus himself doesn’t consider himself mad, whilst considering the ‘excitement of the elm trees rising and falling, rising and falling with all their leaves alight’ – Septimus thinks that it ‘would have sent him mad’ but then he comes to the conclusion that ‘he would not go mad. He would shut his eyes; he would see no more.’ Having experienced sheer terror, Septimus is clearly very moved by visions of beauty; the trees are very suggestive to him, just as flowers are suggestive to Clarissa. Woolf uses foreshadowing here, she structures this quote before Septimus’s eventual suicide, and the image of him shutting his eyes to shroud his vision is symbolic of his death – the quote also has a defiant and triumphant tone, which mirrors the freedom that both Septimus and Clarissa gain from his decision. The most significant aspect related to sanity and insanity that Virginia describes in the novel relates to the â€Å"Proportion and Conversion† that the modernist British society and its various authorities believed in. Whereas the concept of Proportion, as used in the novel, signifies a person’s ability to thinkShow MoreRelated Comparing Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway and Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights1678 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway and Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights share similarities in many aspects, perhaps most plainly seen in the plots: just as Clarissa marries Richard rather than Peter Walsh in order to secure a comfortable life for herself, Catherine chooses Edgar Linton over Heathcliff in an attempt to wrest both herself and Heathcliff from the squalid lifestyle of Wuthering Heights. However, these twoRead MoreThe Central Value Connecting Mrs. Dalloway And The Hours1037 Words   |  5 Pages The central value connecting Mrs Dalloway and The Hours is an affirmation of life. Although suicides feature in both Stephen Daldry’s film and Virginia Woolf’s novel both texts echo Woolf’s words from her 1922 diary: ‘I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual.’ Both Woolf’s modernist 1925 novel and Daldry’s 2002 postmodernist film focus on women whose rich inner lives are juxtaposed with their outer lives constrained by the contexts in which they live. The characters areRead MoreEssay on Death and Rebirth in the Hours1365 Words   |  6 Pagesand re-birth in The Hours Adapted from Michael Cunninghams Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Director Stephen Daldry and playwright David Hare, The Hours was inspired by Virginia Woolfs 1925 novel Mrs. Dalloway. It is no coincidence that The Hours was the working title Woolf had given Mrs. Dalloway as she was writing it. The emotional trauma that this film guides its viewers through becomes evident in the opening prologue. The scene begins with Virginia Woolf composing what would be her suicideRead More An Analysis of Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Essay examples3326 Words   |  14 PagesVirginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Somewhere within the narrative of Mrs. Dalloway, there seems to lie what could be understood as a restatement - or, perhaps, a working out of - the essentially simple, key theme or motif found in Woolfs famous feminist essay A Room of Ones Own. Mrs. Dalloway does in fact possess a room of her own - and enjoys an income (or the use of an income) that is at least five hundred a year - (Room: 164). But most importantly, Clarissa Dalloway also deals with waysRead MoreThe And Of The Light Brigade By Alfred Lord Tennyson2214 Words   |  9 Pageslike the war through different genres of literature from novels to poems. In this paper; I will look at how Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, September 1st, 1939 by Wystan Hugh Auden and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson respond to various historical events. A comparison between these texts will show the many similarities and differences in how they respond to the theme of war. In addition to this, I will examine the liter ary techniques used to reveal the different aspect ofRead MoreThe Importance of Time in Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway.4013 Words   |  17 PagesVirginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway is a modernist novel, which shows new techniques to express a different point of view with regard to the notion of time. It is not without importance to note that the novel has no chapter headings. Nevertheless it is immediately obvious that the interest of the novel is not only in the form but also in the content. The action takes place in a single day of June in 1923 and what is interesting in the structure of the book is that simultaneously with the story of thisRead MoreCultural Disenchantment in a Postwar Climate Illustrated in Virginia Woolf’s Novel Mrs. Dalloway2198 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the principal themes in Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway is the English people’s collective loss of confidence in the state of the British Empire after the First World War. Set in London i n the June of 1923, the novel opens at the close of a global war that lasted only four years but cost the United Kingdom more than 100,000 lives and permanently shifted the political boundaries and social world order of its people. Each of the novel’s many characters represent a different aspect ofRead MoreEssay on Expectations in the Movie The Hours3010 Words   |  13 PagesIt should be noted that Vaughan gets a lot less attention than Woolf and Brown and seems to be more of a manifestation of Mrs. Dalloway. Vaughan, like Mrs. Dalloway, is a great party planner and is in the process of planning a party for a friend. Vaughan also projects Mrs. Dalloways outward confidence and inward confusion. THE GIFTS AND THEIR PRESSURES A main theme throughout the movie is freedom. All three women actively seek it and at the movies end each woman chooses what she thinksRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 PagesDarkness The Sun Also Rises Invisible Man Their Eyes Were Watching God Joe Turner’s Come and Gone The Things They Carried King Lear The Turn of the Screw Major Barbara Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf 2004 (Form B): The most important themes in literature are sometimes developed in scenes in which a death or deaths take place. Choose a novel or play and write a well-organized essay in which you show how a specific death scene helps to illuminate the meaning of the work as whole. AvoidRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesgood, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities iii. Othello—jealousy iv. Merchant of Venice—justice vs. mercy v. King Lear—aging

The Awakening Reflective Statement Essay - 1719 Words

THE AWAKENING: REFLECTIVE STATEMENT During our interactive orals one of the most prevailing points we noticed is the connection between the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, and the author of the book, Kate Chopin. The book and Kate’s life revolve greatly on the culture and context they exist in which is a Creole culture (Spanish-French Americans) who live in Louisiana and spent their summers in Grand Isle. As a class we came to the consensus that the Victorian era plays a role in the books reaction and criticism. During the end of the 1800’s, the idea of romantism was dying and a more prominent feature of realism was beginning. This makes it easier to compare and contrast it with modern times and we came to see that gender roles of that time. The man was supposed to work and the woman was supposed to stay home and look after the children. In modern times, although many have changed their thoughts on the gender roles in the home, the stigma of what a man should do and what a woman should do is still in attend ance. Both Edna and Kate are Americans who married Creole men immersing them into the Creole culture. Creole’s are Americans who originally came from Spanish or French origins. Although they are Americans, they are very adamant to their culture, such as they speak in their mother tongues (Spanish and French) and for example carry on the view that a woman should belong as a possession to her husband. Kate and Edna both express the need to break out of this strict cultureShow MoreRelatedInternal Conflicts In Kate Chopins The Awakening823 Words   |  4 PagesTitle The story, The Awakening, is about Edna Pontellier’s internal conflict between her desire for independence and her need to remain a high-class member of society. When away on summer vacation Edna has the realization that she has control of her own life and begins to focus on her self and not what others think. During her awakening, Edna is faced with much resilience from her husband and friends and instead of becoming someone she is not, Edna Pontellier ends her own life as she sees it is herRead More Siddhartha Essays: Form, Style, and Content738 Words   |  3 Pagesinterlude serves the function of dissipating and refocusing the energy which is built in the preceding three chapters. For example, the first three chapters describe Siddharthas experiences in the land of the spirit, and ends with the interlude, Awakening, in which Siddhartha is awakened with the idea that he is spiritually unattached and must seek a new path.    In the next three chapters, Siddhartha experiences the land of the senses and of corporal pleasure. This second group of three chaptersRead More The People, Words and Effects of the Great Awakening Essay2789 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Awakening was an event that occurred in the early 18th century characterized by fervent and enthusiastic worship in a series of revivals that spread throughout the American colonies. This event was noted for the growth of the Christian church and the promotion of traditional Puritan views on the issues of election and salvation. The success of the Great Awakening rests in the pluralistic, ecumenical, and sociological efforts of men from various theological backgrounds, yet espousing aRead MoreThe Tempest Critical Analysis1029 Words   |  5 Pagesin Frida Kahlos artwork On the Border Between Mexico and the United States, of 1932, the notion of emotional discoveries provoking a political transformation hence targeting the area of study greatly. Kahlo’s self portrait is a political statement reflective of her perspective identifying the flaws that capitalism withholds against the oppressed. This is orchestrated through her simultaneously indifferent and direct gaze, Although the tone of Kahlos gaze is passionless, there is a profound strengthRead MoreThanatopsis by William Cullen Bryant Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pages Take the wings of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness. The wings in this statement symbolize a spiritual, angelic being, and the morning suggests a time of waking. After waking, the angelic being breaks through the confinement of the human grave, which compares to the Barcan wilderness, and continues its existence elsewhere. These lines show Bryants belief in an afterlife. After reflective meditation in the wilderness Bryant comes to terms with death. He knows deathRead More Personal Statement of Teaching Philosophy Essay986 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Statement of Teaching Philosophy nbsp; I. 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His comment shows extreme arrogance and self-centeredness to imply that all men should live their lives ac cordingRead MorePersonal Statement Of Teaching Philosophy1254 Words   |  6 PagesStatement of Teaching Philosophy Stephanie Speicher, M.Ed. â€Å"I regard it as the foremost task of education to insure the survival of these qualities: an enterprising spirit, tenacity in pursuit, readiness for sensible self-denial, and above all compassion† Hahn, K. (1957, p.10). Outward bound. New York City: World Books. Foundation – The Sunrise I stood watching the sunrise on the final day of a weeklong backpack/rock climbing training with my college orientation program. 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It is not an emotional, sexual, or intellectual awakening, no: it is a subtle and important transition from the world of the oblivious to the waking world of self-consciousness. As a very young child, I looked for myself in any reflective surface I could find. I would crane my neck to find that swish of long blonde hair, that crinkled little blue eye, playing a

Aim and Core Business of Healthcare System-Samples for Students

Question: Identify two organisations in an industry of your choice. These Organisations must have clearly different value chain designs and structures. Answer: Introduction Healthcare is the second-largest growing industry sector for economy and nursing being the largest occupation within this healthcare industry. The improvements in healthcare improve the safety and quality of patient care and delivery of care by the nurses. There is an ardent necessity of quality and safety improvements that would permeate healthcare. Everyone who works in healthcare sector has the responsibility to create a safe and quality healthcare system that ensure patient safety and best practice in accordance with clinical standards (McFadden, Stock Gowen III, 2015). To maintain a safe environment in healthcare reflects the vigilance and compassion level for patient safety and is an important aspect in healthcare. Besides safe workforce, it is also necessary that a stable environment prevent the adverse healthcare events that hamper patient safety and their health outcomes. The following essay involves the safe and quality nursing care in healthcare organizations focusing on the five moments of hand hygiene, process data and outcome data in order to improve the quality and safety of healthcare and nursing focusing on auditing process to improve patient outcomes and reduction of hospital infections. Aim and core business of healthcare system The aims of healthcare system are to deliver safe, effective and quality health interventions to patients with minimum wastage of resources to achieve best health outcomes. This can be achieved through a well functioning workforce who would be fair, responsive and efficient in providing the best quality of care to patients (Bodenheimer Sinsky, 2014). It is also aimed at providing adequate care and treatment to patients through surgical, medical and nursing care where patients health and life are the central concern of the healthcare institutions. Apart from focusing on health care, the core business also involves the nursing sectorStress being a psychological assessment parameter in the form of occupational stress affects the patient care, responsibility, decision-making and organizational change. The work hours, human suffering, physical labour, staffing and interpersonal relationships has a great impact on the working state of nurses that has created a turbulence in their working condition (Ulrich Kear, 2014). The lack of recognition as an employee, poor appraisal and working conditions like less nurse to patient ratio affect the nurses performance and the healthcare system as a whole. In a similar manner, core business of health institutions is also affected. Interpersonal relationships between the healthcare provider and patient as well as burnout and poor working conditions affect the performance and productivity of the healthcare organization as a whole. The underperformance of hospital staffs and poor delivery of care services affect the performance of the healthcare organization leading to nurse burnout and staff shortages. These factors adversely affect the provision of quality healthcare services among the healthcare organizations (Aiken et al., 2013). Process Data The collection, classification and aggregation of data concerning prevention, mitigation and recovery strategies are the process data that is crucial for patient safety and quality of care. Process data measures determine the healthcare provider ability to maintain health and improve the quality of care to the people receiving care (Moore et al., 2015). Process data reflects the general recommendations that are required to improve the healthcare quality and ensure patient safety. For the quality improvement, process data is a way to understand the actual scenario in the delivery of healthcare services, factors affecting delivery of services and how improvement can be achieved in quality and safety in healthcare. The processing of data can be done in many ways like staff or patient feedback, clinical audit or analysis of the near mistakes and misses (Ivers et al., 2014). Auditing in healthcare is a process for the assessment, evaluation and improvement of patient safety and care in a systematic way (Black, 2013). Auditing measures the current practice against a standard or desired practice. This is a part of clinical governance that is aimed at safeguarding the highest quality of care and safety in healthcare services. For instance, auditing of hand hygiene is a way to prevent hospital-associated infections and improve the organizational practice in quality of healthcare services (Gould et al., 2017). Donabedian model explains that the measurement of process data evaluate the quality of care that contains the healthcare delivery acts (Mumford et al., 2014). This data can be obtained from interviewing patients and medical staffs, medical records or healthcare visits through direct observation (Victor et al., 2015). Therefore, this framework examines the healthcare services and evaluates quality of healthcare. Outcome data Outcome data measures in healthcare is defined as the change that is required for the patients, medical staffs or population that attributes to an intervention to bring about a desirable change (Nelson et al., 2015). It studies the results or outcomes of structure and process of healthcare system on the well-being and health of patients and medical staffs. It measures the hospital safety and quality performance in terms of outcome measuring mortality, patient experience and readmission, etc. The outcome data measures, reports, compare the health outcomes that are aimed at improving the patient health, experiences, and reduce the per capita healthcare costs (Boyce, Browne Greenhalgh, 2014). It is dedicated to outcome improvement where it a measure to test and implement the changes required improving the quality of healthcare. For instance, outcome data measures the result of an intervention or test that is objectively developed to determine the implemented desired change over the cur rent practice. For example, outcome data in hand hygiene are the direct results of care that patients receive. The gathering, measuring and analysis of the processing data through auditing support and measure the health outcomes in the healthcare institutions (Zingg et al., 2015). This would measure the performance of healthcare delivery in maintaining hand hygiene and in the reduction of hospital associated infections. The outcome data would discretely measure the endpoints in quality, safety of healthcare like infection related morbidity, mortality, readmission, and length of hospital stays. Through auditing and patient feedback that is the processing data for hand hygiene, the outcome would measure the change in behaviour and patient health outcomes to reduce the rate of hospital related infections like nosocomial infections or readmissions. There should be improved patient outcomes that would measure improved health outcomes in patients ensuring safety and care. Outcome data would also measure the behaviour change in patients and medical staffs regarding hand hygiene, monitoring of the infection rates and transmission rates of the epidemiological pathogens monitoring. Clinical care activity The hand hygiene and the five moments is a clinical care activity for the processimg and outcome of the data can be measured. Hand hygiene is an approach that defines the performing of hand washing by the healthcare workers to reduce the hospital related infection rates. The five moments include the cleaning of hands by healthcare providers before and after touching a patient, use of clean or aseptic procedures, when exposed to body fluids and the patient surroundings (Bergsbaken et al., 2014). According to World Health Organization (WHO) there are millions of patients being affected by healthcare and hospital related infection. It is a true global burden of disease as there is difficulty in gathering reliable data. However, this can be prevented through five moments of hand hygiene that is cleaning hands at the right time and way. Process data can be done for the hand hygiene through clinical auditing activity (White et al., 2015). In this, patients and healthcare providers are being interviewed to know about their hand hygiene practices like how often they clean their hands. Auditing is the process data and monitoring tool where it measures the hand hygiene compliance and extent to which they adhere to guidelines of hand hygiene (Ryan et al., 2015). This would also aid in reducing the rates of hospital related infection, readmissions and longer hospital stays. Process of data can be applied in a way whether the healthcare professionals can be interviewed to know about the ir hand washing practice. The outcome data of hand hygiene and auditing would measure the practice of hand washing among the healthcare professionals. For example, it would also measure the lapses that would be seen in the infection prevention measures and control team in a clinical setting. Hand hygiene audit data would measure the hand hygiene compliance by the medical staffs and patient health outcomes. This also monitors the rate of infections before and after the implementation of infection prevention programs for better health outcomes among patients. Clinical auditing Clinical auditing is the process data that is used to measure the safety and quality of healthcare and nursing practice. Auditing by healthcare providers is a measure that can be used to look for the awareness among the healthcare providers regarding hospital related infections and hand hygiene compliance to prevent it (Higgins Hannan, 2013). Clinical auditing has been chosen as it can benefit the patients, healthcare professionals and organization for improving the quality and safety of healthcare services. It improves the patient outcomes and prevention of hospital related infections, readmissions and longer hospital stays. The process data measures the degree of improvement made in healthcare and patient satisfaction. It can be executed in a way to measure quality of healthcare against relevant standards to prevent infection rates. It would involve a cycle of activities that provides evidence for specific measures to raise the quality standards and reduction of hospital related i nfection control. Surveys and focus groups interviews of the healthcare professionals are a way to obtain their views about the hand hygiene and quality of care they are delivering under the provision of care (Bowling, 2014). To prevent hospital related infection, survey questionnaire and interviews of healthcare providers would help to evaluate how often they practice hand hygiene and monitor the infection rates, readmissions and hospital stays. Clinical auditing also measures the behaviour change that is required to inculcate the hand hygiene compliance and as a result, reduce the hospital related infection rates and ensure patient safety. Direct observation is also regarded as the gold standard for the auditing of hand hygiene. It provides information about hand hygiene products in use, thoroughness of cleaning, staffs compliance or failure to maintain hand hygiene and barriers to performance and ways to overcome it. Outcome data After the evaluation of the auditing data, results would show the recommendations required for change. The auditing data results have been chosen as it would measure the compliance of healthcare professionals towards hand hygiene practice and monitoring of the hospital related infections. The outcome data of a careful hand hygiene audits would help to motivate the staffs to enhance their compliance to hand hygiene and the audit results leading to decrease in infections rates and hospital stays (Arai et al., 2016). The outcome data for the illness was selected as it would help to understand the impact of the hospital related infection on clients, hospital and the state as a whole. The prolonged illness due to infections would increase the hospital stays and readmission of the patients affecting their health and well-being. It would also have a great impact on the hospital or the healthcare institution. The increase in the duration of hospital stay would result in bed blocking and decrease in the productivity of the hospital. It also questions the hospitals efficiency to provide best quality of care to the patients and in some rare cases, there might be court claim that hampers the reputation of the healthcare institution. The illness data like nosocomial infections would also have an impact on the state as a whole. If a person is hospitalized for a longer duration, it decreases the productivity of that individual as his or her inability to work. There is a great burden of disease in the state d ue to the hospital related infections and increased healthcare costs for the patients (Luangasanatip et al., 2015). This outcome data from the healthcare professionals through clinical auditing also measures the compliance of the staffs towards five moments of hand hygiene to reduce the infections rates in hospital and decrease burden of disease due to hospital related infections. This also helps to understand the change required and its impact on the hospital as a whole. It also paves the way for implementing behaviour change that would help to increase hand hygiene compliance among staffs and awareness about hospital related infections and prolonged patient illness. Critical analysis Clinical auditing is an important tool that improves the quality of care in healthcare institution. It consists of a clinical process or outcome that is well defined and against the standards that are set on principles of evidence-based practices that identifies change need to improve the safety and quality of healthcare services. In particularly, clinical auditing measures the hand hygiene compliance by the staffs and present the overall evidence that favours the clinical auditing process data (Lippi et al., 2015). Auditing, a part of clinical governance that provides opportunities for change required against current practice and implement desired change. After knowing this, it provides recommendations for behaviour change and compliance towards hand hygiene leading to reduction of hospital related infections. It is a part of continuous improvement process in quality and safety of healthcare institutions and nursing. These steps to change can improve the healthcare quality as it ens ures patient safety and improve in quality of healthcare services, as there is reduction of hospital related infections. This result in decrease of hospital stays readmissions, bed blocking because of hospital related infections. However, direct observation is exhaustive and time taking, but use of hand washing products can help to measure the hand hygiene practice among the staffs. The outcome data would measure the compliance of the staffs towards hand hygiene and interventions required to bring about change to reduce hospital related infections. The questionnaire and interviews from medical staffs would help to evaluate their awareness regarding the infection control and their compliance to hand hygiene. This would also help to determine the targeted group for change, its management, barriers and ways to overcome it. This measures the rate of infection control awareness among the staffs to ensure patient safety and quality of care (Chartier et al., 2017). Conclusion The above discussion demonstrates that everyone who works in healthcare sector has the responsibility to create a safe and quality healthcare system that ensure patient safety and best practice in accordance with clinical standards. Process data measures indicate the ability of a healthcare provider to maintain health and improve the quality of healthcare to the people receiving care. The outcome data measures, reports, compare the health outcomes that are aimed at improving the patient health, experiences, and reduce the per capita healthcare costs. The auditing data results helps in measuring the compliance of healthcare professionals towards hand hygiene practice and monitoring of the hospital related infections. Surveys and focus groups interviews of healthcare professionals are a way to obtain their views about the hand hygiene and quality of care they are delivering under the provision of care. Therefore, process and outcome data are useful in improving the quality and safety f or patients. References Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Bruyneel, L., Van den Heede, K., Sermeus, W., RN4CAST Consortium. (2013). Nurses reports of working conditions and hospital quality of care in 12 countries in Europe.International journal of nursing studies,50(2), 143-153. Arai, A., Tanabe, M., Yamazaki, D., Muraki, Y., Yasuda, K., Nakamura, A., Kaneko, T. (2016). Impact of Measuring Physicians' Hand Hygiene Adherence in Outpatient Setting Using Automated Hand Hygiene Count Devices.American Journal of Infection Control,44(6), S63. Bergsbaken, J., Schulz, L. T., Trapskin, P. J., Marx, J., Safdar, N. (2014). Pharmacist participation in infection prevention: an innovative approach to monitoring compliance with the Five Moments for Hand Hygiene in a large academic medical center.American journal of infection control,42(3), 331-332. Black, N. (2013). Patient reported outcome measures could help transform healthcare.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),346. Bodenheimer, T., Sinsky, C. (2014). From triple to quadruple aim: care of the patient requires care of the provider.The Annals of Family Medicine,12(6), 573-576. Bowling, A. (2014).Research methods in health: investigating health and health services. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Boyce, M. B., Browne, J. P., Greenhalgh, J. (2014). The experiences of professionals with using information from patient-reported outcome measures to improve the quality of healthcare: a systematic review of qualitative research.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2013. Chartier, L. B., Cheng, A. H., Stang, A. S., Vaillancourt, S. (2017). Quality improvement primer part 1: Preparing for a quality improvement project in the emergency department.Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1-8. Gould, D. J., Creedon, S., Jeanes, A., Drey, N. S., Chudleigh, J., Moralejo, D. (2017). Impact of observing hand hygiene in practice and research: a methodological reconsideration.Journal of Hospital Infection,95(2), 169-174. Higgins, A., Hannan, M. M. (2013). Improved hand hygiene technique and compliance in healthcare workers using gaming technology.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(1), 32-37. Ivers, N. M., Grimshaw, J. M., Jamtvedt, G., Flottorp, S., OBrien, M. A., French, S. D., ... Odgaard-Jensen, J. (2014). Growing literature, stagnant science? Systematic review, meta-regression and cumulative analysis of audit and feedback interventions in health care.Journal of general internal medicine,29(11), 1534-1541. Lippi, G., Banfi, G., Church, S., Cornes, M., De Carli, G., Grankvist, K., ... Nybo, M. (2015). Preanalytical quality improvement. In pursuit of harmony, on behalf of European Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) Working group for Preanalytical Phase (WG-PRE).Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM),53(3), 357-370. Luangasanatip, N., Hongsuwan, M., Limmathurotsakul, D., Lubell, Y., Lee, A. S., Harbarth, S., ... Cooper, B. S. (2015). Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis.bmj,351, h3728. McFadden, K. L., Stock, G. N., Gowen III, C. R. (2015). Leadership, safety climate, and continuous quality improvement: impact on process quality and patient safety.Health care management review,40(1), 24-34. Moore, G. F., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., ... Baird, J. (2015). Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance.bmj,350, h1258. Mumford, V., Greenfield, D., Hogden, A., Debono, D., Gospodarevskaya, E., Forde, K., ... Braithwaite, J. (2014). Disentangling quality and safety indicator data: a longitudinal, comparative study of hand hygiene compliance and accreditation outcomes in 96 Australian hospitals.BMJ open,4(9), e005284. Nelson, E. C., Eftimovska, E., Lind, C., Hager, A., Wasson, J. H., Lindblad, S. (2015). Patient reported outcome measures in practice.Bmj,350, g7818. Ryan, K., Havers, S., Olsen, K., Stewardson, A., Cruickshank, M., Grayson, M. L. (2015). The keys to success: initial findings from the Hand Hygiene Australia (HHA) program review.Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,4(1), P144. Ulrich, B., Kear, T. (2014). Patient safety and patient safety culture: foundations of excellent health care delivery.Nephrology Nursing Journal,41(5), 447. Victor, E., Vasanth, E., Raghavan, S., Joshi, P., Lodha, R., Kapil, A. (2015). A clinical audit to assess the impact of hand hygiene awareness program on health care professionals compliance with hand hygiene in a tertiary care hospital.Journal of Patient Safety Infection Control,3(2), 78. White, K. M., Jimmieson, N. L., Obst, P. L., Graves, N., Barnett, A., Cockshaw, W., ... Martin, E. (2015). Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the 5 critical moments among Australian hospital-based nurses.BMC health services research,15(1), 59. 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The Role of Lenses in Optics

Lenses (optics) are devices which serve in the transmission or refraction of light as well as diverging and converging of a beam (Harris, 2002). They are illustrated by the curvature of the two optical surfaces (Harris, 2002). There are two main types of lenses, that is, concave lenses and convex lenses. Geometrical optics is also known as ray optics is used in the depiction of how light travels and this is described in terms of rays which explain the refraction and reflection of light rays (Glassner, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Lenses in Optics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two ideas share the common concept of convergence and divergence, but on the larger field, they are part of the wider field of natural sciences. The force of nature takes an upper hand in the study of optics. The forces of nature more especially light and rays help in understanding of patterns in natur e. Some of these very important aspects of lenses and geometrical optics are discussed below and bring in to light how they relate and link with each other to bring out a clearer understanding of their roles (Winston et al 2005). To begin with, in regard to lenses, there are of two types, that is, the convex lenses and the concave lenses. In the case of convex lenses, they are converging lenses that are thinner towards the edge but thicker in the middle (Harris, 2002) and they are mostly used to closely examine small objects. The distance between the object and the radius of curvature is changed in relation to the focal length when convex lens are used (Glassner, 1992). However, it is noted that images produced by the convex lenses are real. This type of lens aids in examining small objects closely, among children it is common because they use it while playing with the rays of the sun to burn small pinholes on pieces of paper and even dry leaves and chips of wood. Winston et al (200 5), acknowledges that, concave lenses are thicker towards to the edges and are thinner in the middle. Convex lenses produce virtual images which are always erect and reduced (Winston et al, 2005). According to Winston et al (2005), these images also look like they are far away than they actually are. The concave lens is diverging and therefore spreads light rays that pass through it. Its main use has been seen in spectacles and contact lenses that help correct short sightedness (Glassner, 1992). Harris (2002) proposes that the focal length relates to the concave and convex lenses because it is part of that system, when it is looked at in relation to the focal point, thus defined as the distance that exists between the place where parallel light rays converge which usually happens at infinity also called the focal point and the center of the convex lens or concave mirror (Harris, 2002) in the case of convex lens, it comes after the rays have hit the optical center of the lens, but in the case of the concave lens, the focal point lies before the rays reach the optical center (Winston et al, 2005). It is understood that a lens that has got a short focal length can see a wider view of the subject in question but with a lesser level of magnification than that that has got a longer focal length which will have a higher level of magnification (Glassner, 1992). The focal length therefore plays a major role in determining the type of lens to use.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When using the lenses, there is the converging and diverging of the rays (Jahns Brenner, 2004). Diverging of rays happens when the light rays are seen to be spreading apart as they move far away into infinity when viewing an object. An object is seen by viewing the light that emanates from the object or reflected on the object and sometimes both happens. For instance in regard to the pupil of the eye, whenever an object that is close to the eye is viewed, the light rays from the object diverge as they move through the pupil into the eye (Harris, 2002). When the object is far away, for instance the sun, its rays still diverge to make it possible to see it (Winston et al, 2005). If rays are spread out then they are called divergent rays. Converging of rays happens when the rays of light emanating from different sources tend to come together and meet at a single point (Jahns Brenner, 2004). According to Glassner (1992), divergent rays occurs when the ray moves further from the optical axis, therefore, a ray is regarded as divergent or convergent depending on its relation to the optic axis. A ray that passes through the lens without any change represents the legitimate ray path (Harris, 2002). Real versus virtual image In the study of optics (Jahns Brenner, 2004), when an image is considered to be real, then light converges on that image. For real images to occ ur, objects have to be put on the outside area of the focal length of converging mirror or lenses, and then the resultant image is usually inverted. A real image can only be formed when the distance from the lens is greater than the focal length in the case of a converging lens (Harris, 2002). Images formed by cameras (the negative) together with overhead projectors are some of the examples of real images (Jahns Brenner, 2004). According to Harris, (2002), one of the striking characteristic of a virtual image is that the image is the diverging outgoings rays are from a point on the object. This means that in the mirror or lens, the image or a point on an image (Harris, 2002) will seen to be on the inside of the focal length of a converging lens. This will make the virtual image appear erect and shrunken. According to Glassner (1992), virtual images are produced by converging lenses when the object is placed inside the focal length. Therefore, the virtual image is erect and enlarged , as it is further from the lens than the object (Glassner, 1992).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of Lenses in Optics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The image therefore can be formed even if the rays do not meet. For example, the image of one in a mirror is an example of a virtual image because the image is just captured and copied directly as it is when one moves the mirror; no image will be in place. Concave mirrors produce real or virtual images, depending on the nearness of the objects to the concave mirror. On the contrary, convex mirrors produce virtual images of ordinary objects (Jahns Brenner 2004). There are also have concave and convex mirrors, they both reflect light and images also. The difference between both is that one curve inwards and the other outwards (Jahns Brenner, 2004) and convex mirrors have got their surfaces bulging to the source of light or object. Ideally they are also called diverging mirrors. Convex mirrors have a wider field in terms of view and they bulge outward in the middle. On the other hand, concave mirrors curve inwardly in the middle (Jahns Brenner, 2004). These two mirrors are useful in fields of safety and sciences, the concave mirror specifically in the car headlights and also make-up mirrors. The convex mirrors are mostly used for surveillance purposes in places like hallways and supermarket stalls. Glassner (1992) acknowledges that, tracing a ray of light is also possible because it helps in locating an image. For ray tracing, the illumination consequences are achieved by calculating the effects of a surface. This is done through the tracing or the tracking of the path followed by a light of ray. However, the tracing and tracking of the path of ray of light is usually done when the ray of light is bouncing off or when it is being refracted (Glassner, 1992). It also helps solve the problem caused by bending wave fronts, rays t hat may have changed direction or reflected off surfaces. Ray tracing is used in tracing radio signal through the ionosphere where the radio signals are refracted or reflected back to the earth (Glassner, 1992). The importance of this aspect is that it helps in shaping the behavior of radio signal behavior as the radio signal goes through the ionosphere. Fresnel lenses have greatly taken the place of other conventional lenses (Jahns Brenner, 2004). These lenses are characterized by a large aperture and a very short focal length. The lenses are very much thinner than the conventional lenses; they are also large and flatter.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These lenses are capable of capturing light from sources and making it possible over great distances (Glassner, 1992). The lenses are in a form of many small pieces of glass put together though it seems like a single glass and characteristically very light in weight. Much of the material is removed but the surface curvature remains (Jahns Brenner, 2004). Much of the material is removed but the refractive power of the Fresnel lens is effectively maintained making it cost effective. All clearly stated, that the patterns in nature that encompass the lenses and the geographical optics surround the reflection and or refraction of rays, how lenses and mirrors work as well as how nature itself works this out. This helps in the understanding of the role of light in viewing objects. References Glassner, A. (1992). Ray Tracing: Theory and practice. Morgan Kaufmann Harris, N. (2002). Natural Sciences, Blackbirch. Sandiego Jahns, J. Brenner K. (2004). Micro optics: from Technology to Applicatio n. New York. Springer Publishers Winston, R., Welford, W., Minano, C. Benitez P. (2005). Non-imaging Optics: Referex Engineering. 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