Physical Fitness

animal(prenominal) command ( a good deal abbreviated Phys. Ed. or P. E. ) or actives(gym or gym seg man force- break throughtation) is a course taken during primary and lower-ranking readingthat encour develops psychomotor unwraping in a play or hunting expedition exploration ground. strong-arm educational offsetal action trends shake off substantial recently to h older back a greater transition of activities. Int retinal roducing students to activities same bowling, walking/hiking, or Frisbee at an early age mass help students develop good armal action habits that will carry over into adulthood. several(prenominal) teachers keep up even begun to mix stress-reduction techniques much(prenominal) as yoga and deep-breathing.Teaching non-traditional manoeuvres to students whitethorn as hale provide the necessary need for students to increase their activity, and potful help students learn or so contrasting cultures. For example, eyepatch teaching a unit ab out lacrosse (in, say, Arizona, USA), students plenty similarly learn a little bit about the Native Ameri bathroom cultures of the northeast and Eastern Canada, where lacrosse originated. Teaching non-traditional (or non-native) boasts provides a great opportunity to integ outrank donnish concepts from cuttingborn(prenominal) unfasteneds as well ( ami blood studies from the example higher up), which may instantaneously be carryd of m any P.E. teachers. The quartette aspects of P. E. argon personal, mental, social, and emotional. An early(a) trend is the incorporation of wellness and Nutrition to the physical education political platform. The Child Nutrition and WIC Re-authorization identification procedure of 2004 take aimd that each crop districts with a feder on the wholey funded develop repast program develop wellness policies that address nutriment and physical activity. maculation teaching students frolics and movement readinesss, P. E. teachers argo n now incorporating short health and nutrition slightons into the curriculum.This is to a greater extent prevalent at the unsophisticated school aim, where students do non have a specific Health class. Recently close to elementary schools have specific health classes for students as well as physical education class. With the recent outbreaks of diseases such as swine flu, school districts atomic number 18 reservation it mandatory for students to learn about practicing good hygiene along with other(a) health topics. To mean solar day many states require corporeal grooming teachers to be certified to teach Health courses. Many colleges and Universities chap two Physical reading and Health as unity certification.This push towards health education is attemptning in the intermediate level, including lessons on bullying, self-esteem and stress and aro use up management. In the USA, the physical education curriculum is designed to exit school pupils a full range of ultra raw opportunities, dozens of sports and hundreds of c arfully reviewed drills and maintains, including motion-picture show to the education with the use of pedometer, GPS, and titty rate monitors, as well as state-of-the-art shape machines in the upper stigmatises.Some martial humanistic discipline classes, like grappling hook in the joined States, and Pencak Silat in France, Indonesia and Malaysia, be taught to teach children self-defence and to feel good about themselves. The physical education curriculum is designed to allow students to experience at least a miniskirtmum photograph to the pastime categories of activities aquatics, conditioning activities, gymnastic exercise, individual/dual sports, team sports, rhythms, and terpsichore. Students atomic number 18 back up to continue to explore those activities in which they have a primary matter to by effectively managing their community resources.In these argonas, a planned date of encyclopaedism experiences is d esigned to support a progression of student development. This allows kids by dint of sixth grade to be introduced to sports, physical fittingness, and teamwork in order to be remedy wide-awake for the middle and gagegraduate school age. In 1975, the United States House of Representatives voted to require school physical education classes implicate both genders. Some high school and virtually middle school PE classes ar single-sex.Requiring individuals to hindquarterscelicipate in physical education activities, such as dodge ball, flag football, and other competitive sports remains a controversial win because of the social electrical shock these have on young children. It is, however, important to note that many school bud drop deads have maken cutbacks and in some cases physical education programs have been cut. engineering use in physical education New technology in Physical education is playing a big role in classes. One of the closely affordable and effective wou ld be a straightforward tape recorder.With the use of a tape recorder students tail end see the mistakes theyre making in things such as a throwing motion or baseball swing form4. Studies show that students do find this to a greater extent effective than having mortal just telling them what they ar doing wrong and trying to correct it. Educators in like manner effect the use of other technologies such as pedometers and heart rate monitors in truth successful, employ them to make step and heart rate goals for students. opposite technologies that can be use in a Physical Education setting would include projectors, GPS and even gaming arrangements such as Kinect for XBOX360, Wii satisfy and Dance Dance Revolution.Projectors can be use to show students things such as p rophyr form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of the classroom setting7 other type of technology that is comm unless used in Physical Education is the use of pedometers. Pedemeters do not necessarily track how distant a person is going, plainly it lets them know the number of steps they are making. It will let them know how many steps on norm they are making and want to strive to get to a greater extent the conterminous class. 1 thither are many lessons that you can use for many grade levels when you are teaching students to use a pedometer it is important to make it a game, especially for younger students. 2 edit instaurationwide In South Korea, it is mandatory for pupils to take 3 hours of PE with primary and secondary winding schools. In Portugal, pupils from primary school could optionally join PE as an extra-curricular activity. From middle school to secondary school pupils essentialiness participate in PE classes 2 hours per week. In Singapore, pupils from primary school through next-to-last colleges are needed to have 2 hours of PE each week, invite out during examination seasons.Pupils are able to play games like football, badminton, captains ball, and basketball during roughly sessions. Unorthodox sports such as raise upball, fencing, and skateboarding are occasionally played. In more prestigious secondary schools and in junior colleges, sports such as golf, tennis, shooting, and squash are played. A compulsory physical fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school once every course to assess the physical fitness of the pupils. Pupils are given a serial of fitness tests (Pull-ups/Inclined pull-ups for girls, rest broad jump, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1. km for primary 10-12 socio-economic class-olds/2. 4 km for secondary and junior college levels 13-18 year-olds). Students are graded by gold, silver, bronze or fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an index for an additive 2 months in the countrys compulsory matter service if they rack up bronze or fail. In Malaysia, pu pils from primary schools to secondary schools are evaluate to do 2 plosives or 1 hour of PE throughout the year except a week before examination. In just about secondary schools, games like badminton, sepak takraw, football, basketball and tennis are available.Pupils are allowed to bring their take sports equipment to the school with the authorization of the teacher. In most secondary schools, physical exams are rarely done, schools record pupils round tops, weights and how many push-ups they can do. In Scotland, pupils are evaluate to do at least two periods of PE in first gear, second, third and tail year. In fifth and sixth year, PE is voluntary. citation needed Indonesian high school students are playing traditional game Benteng In Indonesia, students ranging from Kindergarten to High School have PE integrated with their curriculum.Kindergarten until localise 3 of Elementary students have gymnastic exercise, send-offing from Grade 4 of Elementary School, students will be introduced into traditional martial arts Pencak Silat and some team games such as badminton, tennis, soccer, futsal, ro at a lower military positions, basketball, etc. Starting from junior High School, Both gender are separated during PE class. PE find its authority in extracurricular forms, where students can specialize themself in one phase of sports they choose. Sport Festival can be held during vacuum period, usually after examination.At this condemnation students can compete each other by deliverance own class flag. Some universities such as ITB include PE in curriculum for freshmen Some countries include Martial Arts pointing in school as part of Physical Education class. These Filipino children are doing karate. In the Philippines, some schools have integrated martial arts fosterage into their Physical Education curriculum. 89101112 In England, pupils are expected to do two hours of PE a week in Year 7, 8 and 9 and at least 1 in year 10 and 11. 13 In Wales, pupils are expected to do altogether one hour of PE per fortnight. 14 In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least terzetto hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. 15 Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes at undergraduate courses. 16 In India, Physical Education is an important outcome in schools. Many students chose Physical Education as a subject against Language Subject Like English, French, some time official lyric Hindi and some time local languages like Punjabi, because it is very marking subject and very pursuiting. Assignments on Physical education increase the interest in Sports.Educational Bodies in India like Central Board of Secondary Education and Punjab School Education Board are in those which conduct examination on Physical Education in affiliated schools and collages. editAdapted physical education important article Adapted Physical Education Adapted Physical Education or APE, is a sub-discipline and self -control of physical education, focalizationing on inclusion and students with special needs. Physical fitness comprises two related concepts oecumenical fitness (a state of health and well-being), and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition ground on the might to perform specific aspects ofsports or occupations).Physical fitness is more a great deal than not achieved through correct nutrition, dress, and enough rest. table of contents hide 1 Definitions 2 seaworthiness 3 Training 4 menopause and Physical Fitness 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External relate editDefinitions Physical fitness has been defined as a set of attri simplyes or characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to the skill to perform physical activity. The above definition from Physical Activity and Health A Report of the Surgeon General is the most common shortly used definition of physical fitness.It was originally used by Caspersen and has been used extensively. An al ternative definition by Howley and Frank that provides additional descriptive reading is Physical fitness is a state of well-being with low essay of premature health problems and energy to participate in a variety of physical activities. While either is a good definition, most experts chalk up that physical fitness is both multidimensional and hierarchical. In previous yearswhen? , fitness was commonly defined as the cogency to carry out the days activities without undue fatigue.However, as automation increased leisure time, changes in lifestyles side by side(p) the industrial revolution rendered this definition insufficient. In current contexts, physical fitness is considered a measure of the bodys ability to straits away efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to dare hypokinetic diseases, and to meet emergency situations. 1 editFitness A US marine performing fitness customs. The Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports a study multitude sponsored by thegovernment of the United Statesdeclines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness.Instead, it essential the following chart Health relatedSkill relatedSports Metabolic Morphological Bone righteousness OtherBody com p rotaryrty Cardiovascular fitness Flexibility Muscular natural selection musclebuilder strength Agility residue Coordination Power Speed Reaction time OtherTeam sport Individual sport Lifetime Other A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual will probably focus on one or more specific skills,2 and on age-3 or health-related needs such as bone health. 4 Many sourcescitation neededalso cite mental, social and emotional health as an important part of overall fitness.This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle made up of common chord points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also hinder or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle or aging . 5 Working out can also help people kip better. To stay healthy it is important to make in physical activity. 6 editTraining Specific or task-oriented fitness is a persons ability to perform in a specific activity with a valid efficiency for example, sports ormilitary service. Specific training prepares supporters to perform well in their sports.Examples are 100 m sprint in a sprint the supporter must be trained to work an aerophilousally throughout the race. Marathon in this case the athlete must be trained to work aerobically and their endurance must be built-up to a sludgeimum. Many fire fighters and police officers submit to regular fitness testing to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job. 7 Soldiers of the United States Army must be able to pass the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT). 8 Hill sprints, this training requires a level of fitness to begin with, the economic consumption is particularly good for the leg muscles.The a rmy often trains doing mountain climbing and races. editMenopause and Physical Fitness The menopausal period in women is frequently associated with many subjective complaints including vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbance, alteration in mood, lowered libido, and musculoskeletal pain. All of these symptoms could lead to a lower quality of life. Physical Fitness has the ability to alleviate or even eliminate the effect of most of these. Women experiencing their menopausal period should admit in regular deterrent example in order to achieve better physical fitness. 9Gymnastics is a sport involving the procedure of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance. Inter studyly, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Federation supranationale de Gymnastique ( image). Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive artistic gymnastic exercise is the scoop out known of the gymnastic sports. It typically dissembles the womens events of leftover exclude, balance beam, grace exercise, and vault. mens events are pull down exercise, pommel horse, dummy up rings, vault, parallel arrests, and high bar.Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the superannuated Greeks, that included skills for mounting and bring downing a horse, and from circus military operation skills. Other gymnastic disciplines include trampolining, tumbling, rhythmic gymnastics,aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can include children as young as four years old doing kindergym and childrens gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, and world class athletes. Contents hide 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Forms 4 artistic gymnastics 4. 1 Events for women . 2 Events for men 4. 3 regular gymnastics 4. 4 Trampolining and tumbling 4. 5 acrobatic gymnastics 4. 6 aerophilic gymnastics 4. 7 TeamGym 4. 8 Display gymnastics 5 originator app aratus and events 5. 1 Rope (rhythmic gymnastics) 5. 2 Rope climb 5. 3 escape rings 6 Popular culture 6. 1 photograph 7 See also 8 References 9 External links editEtymology The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective (gymnos) meaning unclothed,1 by way of the related verb (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked, train in gymnastic exercise, in the main to train, to exercise. 2 The verb had this meaning, because athletes exercised and competed without clothing editHistory 1908 pass exceedings in London Display of the British womens gymnastics team Exercises of the ancient Greeks began with athletic feats performed by each individual according to his own notion. The juvenility were encouraged to combine amusement with exercise. In time, this kind of exercise was interconnected into a system that figured prominently in the state regulations for education. In fact, the period for exercise or gymnastics was equal to the time dog-tired on art and music combin ed. 3 All Greek cities had a gymnasium, a courtyard for jumping, running, and wrestling. The term included stretching exercises and warm-up preparations for athletes (from the Greek athlete athlos, which means struggle, fight). These tests were establish on military exercises. As the Roman Empire ascended, the Greek gymnastics gave way to gymnastics whose occasion was military training. The Romans, for example, introduced the wooden horse. In AD 393 the Emperor Theodosius abolished the surpassing Games, which by then had become corrupt, and gymnastics, along with other sports, declined. For centuries, gymnastics was all but forgotten. 4 In the year 1569, Girolamo Mercuriale from Forli (Italy) wrote Le Arte Gymnastica, that brought together his study of the attitudes of the ancients toward diet, exercise and hygiene, and the use of natural methods for the cure of disease. De Arte Gymnastica also explained the principles of physical therapy and is considered the first book on sports medicine. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, troika pioneer physical educators Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (17591839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (17781852) created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had esigned that lastly led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amoros y Ondeano, marquis de Sotelo, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. In particular, Jahn crafted early models of the naiant bar, the parallel bars (from a horizontal ladder with the rungs removed), and the vault horse. 4 The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) was founded in vassal in 1881. 5 By the end of the nineteenth century, mens gymnastics contender was popular enough to be included in the first modern majestic Games in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions m ired a changing variety of exercises ga thered under the rubric, gymnastics, that would seem strange to todays audiences and that included for example, synchronized team outrage calisthenics, forget me drug climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events.The first womens Olympic competition was primitive, for it involved only synchronized calisthenics, was held at the 1928 Games, in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been prototypeized in modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been stand up upon. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with extremely disciplined and rugged performances, setting a precedent that continues. The current medium of television helped promote and initiate a modern age of gymnastics.Both mens and womens gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, an d excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. Nadia Comaneci received the first perfect add, at the 1976 summer Olympics held inMontreal, Canada. She was coached in Romania by the Romanian coach, (Hungarian ethnicity), Bela Karolyi. Comaneci scored four of her perfect tens on the uneven bars, two on the balance beam and one in the stratum exercise. 6 Even with Nadias perfect scores, the Romanians lost the gold medal to the Soviet Union.Nevertheless, Comaneci became an Olympic icon. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was aim into play. With an A Score (or D score) being the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is based on the top 8 high scoring elements in a snatch (excluding Vault). The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution, and is given for how well the skills are performed. 7 editForms aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of relatively low fervor that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. 1 aer ophilous literally means living in air,2 and refers to the use of group O to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism. 3 Generally, light-to- enclose intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobicmetabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. 1 Contents hide 1 aerobic versus anaerobic exercise 2 Aerobic mental ability 3 Criticisms 4 Commercial success 5 Varieties of aerobic (cardiovascular) exercise 5. 1 Indoor 5. 2 Outdoor . 3 Indoor or outdoor 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links editAerobic versus anaerobic exercise This section needs additional citations for verification. Relevant discussion may be found on the tittle-tattle page. Please help repair this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced textile may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) Fox and Haskell formula showing the split mingled with aerobic (light orange) and anaerobic (dark orange) exercise and heart rate.Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic exercise, of which strength training and short-distance running are the most salient examples. The two types of exercise differ by the epoch and intensity of muscular contractions involved, as well as by how energy is generated deep gloomy the muscle. In most conditions, anaerobic exercise occurs simultaneously with aerobic exercises because the less efficient anaerobic metabolism must supplement the aerobic system due to energy demands that exceed the aerobic systems capacity.What is generally called aerobic exercise might be better termed solely aerobic, because it is designed to be low-intensity enough not to generate lactate via pyruvate fermentation, so that all lucre is aerobically turned into energy. Initially during increased exertion, muscle glycogen is broken down to produce glucose, which undergoes glycolysis producing pyruvate which then reacts with oxygen (Krebs cycle) to produce carbon dioxide and water and c athartic energy.If there is a shortage of oxygen (anaerobic exercise, explosive movements), carbohydrate is consumed more rapidly because the pyruvate ferments into lactate. If the intensity of the exercise exceeds the rate with which the cardiovascular system can supply muscles with oxygen, it results in buildup of lactate and quickly makes it impossible to continue the exercise. awful effects of lactate buildup initially include the burning sensation in the muscles, and may eventually include nausea and even vomiting if the exercise is continued without allowing lactate to clear from the argumentationstream.As glycogen levels in the muscle begin to fall, glucose is released into the bloodstream by the liver, and fat metabolism is increased so that it can fuel the aerobic pathways. Aerobic exercise may be supply by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, or a combination of both, depending on the intensity. Prolonged moderate-level aerobic exercise at 65% VO2 max (the heart rate of 150 bpm for a 30-year-old human) results in the supreme lordly contribution of fat to the total energy expenditure. At this level, fat may contribute 40% to 60% of total, depending on the duration of the exercise.Vigorous exercise above 75% VO2max (160 bpm) primarily burns glycogen. 45 Major muscles in a rested, undisciplined human typically contain enough energy for about 2 hours of vigorous exercise. Exhaustion of glycogen is a major cause of what endurance contest runners call hitting the wall. Training, lower intensity levels, and carbohydrate gist may allow to postpone the onset exhaustion beyond 4 hours. 5 Aerobic exercise comprises innumerable forms. In general, it is performed at a moderate level of intensity over a relatively long period of time. For example, running a long distance at a oderate chiliad is an aerobic exercise, but sprinting is not. Playing singles tennis, with near-continuous motion, is generally considered aerobic activity, time golf or two person team tennis, with brief bursts of activity punctuated by more frequent breaks, may not be preponderantly aerobic. Some sports are thus inherently aerobic, darn other aerobic exercises, such as fartlek training or aerobic dance classes, are designed specifically to improve aerobic capacity and fitness. It is most common for aerobic exercises to involve the leg muscles, primarily or exclusively. there are some exceptions.For example,rowing to distances of 2,000 m or more is an aerobic sport that exercises several major muscle groups, including those of the legs, abdominals, chest, and arms. Common kettlebell exercises combine aerobic and anaerobic aspects. Among the recognized benefits of doing regular aerobic exercise are fortify the muscles involved in respiration, to facilitate the flow of air in and out of the lungs Strengthening and enlarging the heart muscle, to improve its pumping efficiency and reduce the resting heart rate, known as aerobic conditioning Strengthening muscles th roughout the bodyImproving circulation efficiency and reducing blood pressure Increasing the total number of red blood cells in the body, facilitating transport of oxygen Improved mental health, including reducing stress and lowering the incidence of depression Reducing the risk for diabetes. Burns body fat, while building leaner muscle. As a result, aerobic exercise can reduce the risk of death due to cardiovascular problems. In addition, high-impact aerobic activities (such as jogging or using a skipping rope) can ingest bone growth, as well as reduce the risk of osteoporosis for both men and women.In addition to the health benefits of aerobic exercise, there are many performance benefits Increased storage of energy molecules such as fats and carbohydrates at bottom the muscles, allowing for increased endurance Neovascularization of the muscle sarcomeres to increase blood flow through the muscles Increasing expedite at which aerobic metabolism is activated inside muscles, all owing a greater portion of energy for aggravated exercise to be generated aerobically Improving the ability of muscles to use fats during xercise, preserving intramuscular glycogen Enhancing the speed at which muscles recover from high intensity exercise Both the health benefits and the performance benefits, or training effect, require a minimum duration and frequency of exercise. Most authorities suggest at least twenty dollar bill minutes performed at least three times per week. 6 editAerobic capacity master(prenominal) article VO2 max Aerobic capacity describes the structural capacity of the cardiorespiratory system, (the heart, lungs and blood vessels).Aerobic capacity is defined as the maximum amount of oxygen the body can use during a specified period, usually during intense exercise. 7 It is a function both of cardiorespiratory performance and the maximum ability to remove and utilize oxygen from circulating blood. To measure maximal aerobic capacity, an exercise physiolo gist or physician will perform a VO2 max test, in which a subject will undergo progressively more strenuous exercise on a treadmill, from an easy walk through to exhaustion.The individual is typically connected to a respirometer to measure oxygen consumption, and the speed is increased incrementally over a fixed duration of time. The higher the measurable cardiorespiratory endurance level, the more oxygen has been transported to and used by physical exertion muscles, and the higher the level of intensity at which the individual can exercise. more than simply stated, the higher the aerobic capacity, the higher the level of aerobic fitness. The cooper and multi- give awaye fitness tests can also be used to assess functional aerobic capacity for particular jobs or activities.The stratum to which aerobic capacity can be improved by exercise varies very wide in the human world while the average response to training is an close to 17% increase in VO2max, in any creation there are high responders who may as much as double their capacity, and low responders who will see little or no benefit from training. 8 Studies indicate that approximately 10% of otherwise healthy individuals cannot improve their aerobic capacity with exercise at all. 9 The degree of an individuals responsiveness is highly heritable, suggesting that this trait is genetically determined. 8 An aerobics class. This article is about the type of exercise. For the exercise physiology topic, see Aerobic exercise. Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretchingand strength training functions with the goal of up all elements of fitness (flexibility,muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be ripe in a group setting led by an teacher (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment.With the goal of preventing malady and promotingphysical fitness, practitioners per form various good turns comprising a number of varied dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity. Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer a variety of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified teacher with a specialty area related to their particular class. Contents hide 1 History 2 Aerobic gymnastics 3 See also 4 References editHistory Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr. Kenneth Cooper, M. D. , an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. Dr. Cooper, an avowed exercise enthusiast, was personally and professionally puzzled about why some people with excellent muscular strength were still prone to poor performance at tasks such as trunk call running, swimming, and bicycling. He began measuring systematic human performance using a bicycle ergometer, and began measuring sustained performance in terms of a persons ability to use oxygen.His groundbreaking book, Aerobics, was published in 1968, and included scientific exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. The book came at a fortuitous historical moment, when increasing weakness and inactivity in the general population was causing a perceived need for increased exercise. editAerobic gymnastics Aerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, is a type of competitive aerobics involving complicatedchoreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements of aerobics. 1 proceeding is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A max imum of ten elements from following families are allowed push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as giveprings, workforcetands, back flips, and aerial somersaults are prohibited. scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines.Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an Olympic sport. editArtistic gymnastics Main article Artistic gymnastics Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into mens room and Womens Gymnastics. Typically men compete on six events pull down Exercise, Pommel Horse, shut away Rings, Vault, analogue forbid, and High Bar, while women compete on four Vault, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Floor Exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on the rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR).Though routines performed on each event may be short, they are physically trying and push the gymna sts strength, flexibility, endurance and awareness to the limit. In 2006, FIG introduced a new points system for Artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. 7 Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores. An execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the execution score was the only score. It was and still is out of 10. 00.During the gymnasts performance, the decide deduct from this score only. A fall, on or off the event, is a 1. 00 deduction, in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnasts difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all the skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are the most common deduction from a difficulty score, as it can be difficult to connect triplex dod ging elements.It is very securely to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on the difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. editEvents for women Piked Tsukahara vault. Vault In the bound events gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, jump onto or perform a roundoff entry onto a jumping-off point (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, upside-down on the hands on the leap horse or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then spring off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment).Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their stature and strength. The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements. Round-off entry vaults are the most common vaults in elite level gymnastics. In vaults with roundoff entries, gymnasts round-off so hands are on the run way while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard). From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards as in a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting platform (horse).She then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet. In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue or table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horseapproximately 1m in length and 1m in widthgiving gymnasts a coarse blocking airfoil, and is therefore considered safer than the old vaulting horse. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult and dangerous vaults. 8 Gymnast on uneven bars. Uneven Bars On the uneven bars (also known as asymmetric bars, UK), the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different teetotums. These bars ar e made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The width of the bars may be adjusted. Gymnasts perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves, that may pass over, under, and among the two bars.Movements may pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the Uneven Bars using a springboard. Balance Beam The gymnast performs a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a dramatise beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 500 centimetres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10 centimetres (3. 9 in) wide. 9 The event requires, in particular, balance, flexibility, poise and strength. Gymnast doing a stag leap on floor exercise. FloorIn the past, the Floor Exercise event was punish on the bare floor or mats such as wrest ling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m ? 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve extra height and a softer landing than would be possible on a standard floor. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the Floor Exercise event.They must choose an accompanying music piece. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music10 but USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. ,11 The routine should consist of tumbling lines, serial publication of jumps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually incl udes at least one flight element without hand support.Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United states, a gymnast is required to do 23, and in levels 810, at least 34 tumbling passes are required. 12 Scoring A gymnasts score comes from deductions taken from their start value. The start value of a routine is calculated based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements. The composition requirements are different for each apparatus.This score is called the D score. 13 Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from 10. 0. This score is called the E score. 14 The final score is calculated by taking deductions from the E score, and adding the result to the D score. 15 And since 2007, the scoring system has changed by adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score. editEvents for men Floor Mal e gymnasts also perform on a 12m. by 12m. spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance.The gymnast must also show strength skills, including circles, scales, and press handstands. Mens floor routines usually have four passes that will total between 6070 seconds and are performed without music, unlike the womens event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine. A boy on the pommel horse Pommel Horse A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. figure of speech leg work however, is the main staple of this event.The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of the apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by bend (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (Flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand. Still Rings The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5. 75 meters from the floor, and adjusted in height so the gymnast has room to hang pardonly and swing.He must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may include two or three. A routine should have a dismount equal in difficulty to the difficulty of the routine as a whole. Vault Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing po sition.In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults. Parallel Bars Men perform on two bars slightly further than a shoulders width apart and usually 1. 75m high while carrying out a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. High Bar A 2. 8 cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2. m above the landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giants(revolutions around the bar), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. flog gripsare usually used to help maintai n a grip on the bar. As with the women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events, for their execution, degree of difficulty, and overall presentation skills. editRhythmic gymnastics Irina Tchachina, Russian rhythmic gymnastMain article Rhythmic gymnastics Only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics although there is a new version of this discipline for men being pioneered in Japan (see Mens rhythmic gymnastics). This is a sport that combines elements of ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of quintuplet separate routines with the use of five apparatusball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, ropeon a floor area, with a much greater focus on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. There are also group routines consisting of 5 gymnasts and 5 apparatuses of their choice.Rhythmic routines are scored out of a possible 30 points the score for artistry (choreography and music) is averaged with the score for difficulty of the moves and then added to the score for execution. 16 International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth and Seniors, for women sixteen and over again by their year of birth. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (1519) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games, earth Championships, World Cup and Grand-Prix Tournaments. editTrampolining and tumbling Double mini-trampoline competitor Main articles Trampolining and Tumbling (gymnastics) Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floorcitation needed). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in the Olympic Games. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten leaps without pauses during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills.Routines are label out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two prior routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves. Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two moves ar e performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in the same place on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is thrown as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline.In tumbling, athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. editAcrobatic gymnastics Acrobatic Womens Pair performing a skill. Main article Acrobatic gymnastics Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly Sport Acrobatics), often referred to as Acro if involved with the sport, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro, is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats in groups of two, three and four perform routines with the heads, hands and feet of their partners. They may, subject to regulations (e. g. no lyrics), pick their own music.Throughout the world, there at three FIG levels Age group (Age 11-16), Junior(12-19) and Senior (15+), which are used in the World Championships and many other events around the world, including European Championships and World Games. All levels require a balance and dynamic routine, Junior and Seniors are also required to perform a final (combined) routine. Currently acrobatic gymnastics is marked out of 30. 00 (can be higher at Senior FIG level based on difficulty) 10. 00 for routine difficulty, (valued from the tables of difficulties) 10. 00 For technical performance, (how well the skills are executed) 10. 0 For Artistry, (the overall performance of the routine, namely choreography) editAerobic gymnastics Main article Aerobic gymnastics Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 1214 and 1517 trios and mixed pairs. From 200 9, all senior trios and mixed pairs were required to be on the larger floor (10x10m), all groups also perform on this floor.Routines generally last 6090 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category. editTeamGym TeamGym (also known as Gymnastics for All) has it origins in earliest times. These days, although teams can compete the sport itself was developed to enhance fitness and health in the participants and is accessible to anyone of any age. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and afterwards by national gymnastic federations world wide with participants that now number 30 million. 17 Floor ProgrammeAll members of the Team take part in the floor program, composed of a mixture of dance, flexibility and skill. The routine has to be skilfully choreographed and the judges look out for changes in shape. There needs to be at least two spins, two balances and two section elements. These section elememts are bodywaves for womens teams, power elements for mens teams and lifts for mixed teams. Floor routines are performed to music. Trampette here a trampette is used. There are two components of this Vault and the Trampette on its own. There has to be three runs in total. At least one of these runs has to be a vault run.Another run has to include all the gymnasts doing the same move. This is generally the first run. This is also performed to music. Tumbling Again, here there are three runs (rounds) involved. One of which has to include all six gymnasts doing a forwards series. Another run also has to include the gymnasts completing the same move. Each series must have at least three different acrobatic elements. 18 editDisplay gymnastics General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may be all one gender or mixed.There are no age divisions in general gymnastics. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. editFormer apparatus and events editRope (rhythmic gymnastics) Starting in 2011, the rhythmic apparatus rope will be removed from all FIG events and clubs will be returned to the competition. FIG has a policy of only using four of the five pieces of apparatus and changes them for different Olympic cycles. This will affect World Cups, World Championships, and Olympics. editRope climb Main article Rope climbing Generally, competitors climbed either a 6m (6. m = 20 ft in USA) or an 8m (7. 6m = 25 ft in USA), 38mm (1. 5) diameter natural fiber rope for speed, starting from a seated position on the floor and using only the hands and arms. Kicking the legs in a kind of stride was unremarkably permitted. Many gymnasts can do this in the straddle or expressway position, which eliminates the help generated from the legs. editFlying rings Ma in article Flying rings Flying rings was an event similar to still rings, but with the performer executing a series of stunts while swinging. It was a gymnastic event sanction by both the NCAA and the AAU until the early 1960s.